The main objective of this course is to further sharpen the Yoruba linquistic knowledge that the student acquired in level I. By the end of the course, the student should be able to (1) read, write, and understand simple to moderately complex sentences in Yoruba; and (2) advance in the knowledge of the Yoruba culture.

Arabic language is used by many societies not only in communication but also in correspondence and in documenting the affairs of their daily lives. Arabic script is adopted by many groups whose native languages are not Arabic, in writing their languages before some moved to the Roman alphabet. In many historical documents specific style of writing and handwriting are dominant. This specificity is influenced by the dialectical variations, the historical development of each region and the level of Arabic literacy and use. The aims of this course which will focus on the Arabic writing tradition of Africa and the Middle East are as follows: (1) Reading and interpreting hand-written Arabic documents from Africa and the Middle East with focus on different historical eras. (2) In-depth understanding of the historical and language contexts of the selected documents. (3) Examining different handwriting styles that are in vogue in Africa and the Middle East.

Continuation of AFST 496. Prerequisite: Permission of Penn Language Center.

Continuation of AFST 494.

Continuation of AFST 494.

Continuation of AFST 492. Prerequisite: Permission of Penn Language Center.

Continuation of AFST 492. Prerequisite: Permission of Penn Language Center.

Continuation of AFST 492. Prerequisite: Permission of Penn Language Center.

Continuation of AFST 492. Prerequisite: Permission of Penn Language Center.

Continuation of AFST 490. Offered through Penn Language Center. Prerequisite: Permission of Penn Language Center.